CONTENT
The 'Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales' publishes primarily original research papers dealing with any topic of natural science, particularly biological and earth sciences. Review articles and book reviews are published by invitation. By submission of a manuscript to the Society, the author concedes that the work reported is original, has not been published previously (except perhaps in abstract form) and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. The submitting author also concedes that all co-authors have agreed to publication in the form submitted and that all listed authors have made a substantive contribution to the manuscript.

SUBMISSION
Manuscripts should be submitted to the editor: Dr M.L. Augee, P.O. Box 82, Kingsford NSW 2032.

Starting with Volume 124 (2002) we will publish the journal in A4 format. Papers will be set by volunteers. Therefore it is essential that authors submit papers in the format we require.

In the first instance, when the manuscript is to be sent to referees, three hard copies including all tables and figures are required (two for submission to referees).

When accepted, the final version incorporating referees' comments (if required) must be supplied on 3.5" floppy in Word for PC format. Mac discs will be returned without any further action. Photographs must be supplied as black/white hardcopy or as .TIF files. Tables may be either in WORD or XL format. Figures other than photographs must be supplied as hard copy or XL or WORD files. One printed copy must accompany all electronic files submitted.

STYLE
In general, style of the journal follows the 'Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 5th Edition' published by the Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, in 1994. This is available from any Australian Government bookshop. The details of reference listing differ slightly, and those details are set out below.

Spelling and hyphenation is expected to conform to the Macquarie Dictionary.

REFEREES
Two scientists with expertise in the field of the manuscript will be appointed by the editorial committee. Their reports will guide the committee in its decision whether to publish the paper or not, and as to changes that might be required. It is the policy of the society that referees remain anonymous unless they elect otherwise.

 MANUSCRIPT FORMAT
Manuscripts must be on A4 (21 X 29.6 cm) paper. Space requirements for notations by referees and editorial markings make it essential that all text is DOUBLE SPACED. Even where the final presentation in the journal uses small size (such as the abstract and reference list) the manuscript must be in 12 point type (elite if typewritten). DO NOT RIGHT JUSTIFY. Margins should be about 2.5 cm at top and bottom, 3 cm at left and 2.5 cm at right.

Do not use a title page. Tell us in an accompanying letter if correspondence and proofs are to be sent anywhere other than the address given in the paper for the first author. FAX and e-mail contacts speed up correspondence.

Number pages consecutively, but page numbers are not necessary on separate table, figure and legend sheets.

TITLES
Titles should be brief and not exceed 12 words if possible. Centre the title and use upper case (capital) letters to start each word except species names, conjunctions, prepositions and articles unless they are the first word in the title. Do not end with a full stop.

Unless the organism named in the title is extremely well known, please include in the title higher level taxa that can place it for the reader. Such notation is put inside parens as follows (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) or (Crustacea).

In the accompanying letter propose a running title not to exceed 40 characters.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF AUTHORS
Authors can spell out first names or use initials as they prefer. If the last unit in a name is not the surname, the equivalent should be underlined (e.g. Tang Ping Ching). Titles (Dr, Prof, etc.) are not used. Centre the names.

The address of each author is centred one space below the names as a continuous entry. If there is only one author or all authors have the same address, no notation is required. However if one or more authors have different addresses, this is indicated by numerical superscripts, with the first author's address appearing first. Different addresses are separated by a semicolon. For example:

All authors must have a postal address, but if the first author wishes to have an e-mail address as well we will include it.

ABSTRACT
An abstract not to exceed 200 words is required. This must set out the main results and conclusions. It cannot contain reference citations. This is an important part of the paper because it will be reproduced and disseminated worldwide in abstracting journals.

KEYWORDS
Select up to 10 keywords that will allow people doing computer searches to find your paper. If the title has been properly composed, several of these keywords should be therein. Genus and species names are important keywords, but higher taxonomic levels should not normally be included. Put them in alphabetical order.

LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
Primary headings (e.g. INTRODUCTION, MATERIALS AND METHODS, RESULTS, DISCUSSION, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, REFERENCES, APPENDIX) are centred and all upper case. Primary headings are separated from foregoing material by two spaces and from the following material by a single space.

Secondary headings are printed at the left margin, one space below the preceding material, in bold with normal usage of upper and lower case. After the heading, text commences on the next line and is indented as a normal paragraph.

Tertiary headings should be avoided, but when absolutely necessary they are printed at the left margin, one space below the preceding material, with normal usage of upper and lower case and underlined. After the heading, text commences on the next line and is indented as a normal paragraph. An alternative is to number them 1)., 2)., 3). etc.

Italics are used only for genus and species names; never as headings.

PARAGRAPHS
Paragraphs are set off by INDENTATION using the tab key and are not divided by a skipped line. Indicating paragraphs by using the "ENTER" or "RETURN" without indentation of the first line is totally useless. Do not auto-format first line of a paragraph indentation.

SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE
Provide the scientific name (genus and species) of all organisms at first mention of the vernacular (common) name in both abstract and text even if the scientific name appears in the title. Genus and species names are always in italics, even if abbreviated. If you are using a vernacular name as synonymous with a taxon larger than a genus, include that taxon when first mentioned - e.g. opossums (Didelphidae). The use of vernacular names is not required, but should normally be used for domesticated animals and cultivated plants. Inclusion in titles of taxa such as order and family (separated by a colon; e.g. Rodentia: Muridae) is only necessary for species likely to be unfamiliar to many readers. In subsequent use of scientific names, abbreviate generic names when no confusion will result (but never abbreviate scientific names in titles or subheadings). Use subspecific names only if they are essential to the paper; do not distinguish vernacularly at the subspecific level. Except where essential to identification of a taxon (such as in a synonmy), do not include author and year with scientific names. The scientific name of a species when used as the subject of a sentence takes a singular verb.

In taxonomic works, the authority for a binomial must appear at least once. Formal descriptions or revisions of taxa require citations of authorities and dates.

TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables and figures should only be used when many data must be summarised or trends in data shown to support inferences. Pertinent data in most small tables (two row or two column tables) usually can be presented in the text in less space and without loss of intelligibility. Data must not be duplicated in tables and figures.

Tables and figures are numbered sequentially (arabic numbers) as referred to in text. Reference in the text should be in the style: (Table 1) and (Fig. 1). Reference to several tables or figures in the text should be in the style: (Tables 1 and 2) and (Figs 1 and 2). Parts of composite figures should be labelled with lowercase letters which should be used to refer to parts of figures both in legends and in text (Figs 1a and 1b). Indicate the desired location for each figure and table in pencil in the left margin of the manuscript. When using a word processor, DO NOT insert tables and figures into the text.

Tables and figures should be understandable by themselves without reference to the text. Do not describe the content of tables and figures in the text; the need for such indicates that the tables and figures need to be revised to make them understandable.

Each table must be on a separate page at the end of the manuscript. The title should be complete and intelligible. Additional material can be added as separate sentences and not as footnotes. All should be centred:

Table legends may be above the table or listed separately but it is important that they are NOT actually part of the table, especially in a table that is set in a spread sheet or word processor. The table may need to be reduced, but the legend type needs to remain the same size as the rest of the text.

Do not use vertical lines in tables unless absolutely necessary and keep horizontal lines to a minimum.

Figure legends must be set out on a separate sheet from the figures themselves in order to allow for reduction. Explanation of symbols used in the figure should be placed in the legend NOT on the figure itself:

Figure 1. Cortisol levels in free living platypus over an annual cycle.  = animals living in the Upper Shoalhaven River;  = animals in Manly Dam. Numbers in brackets = n. NS = not significant (p>0.05).

Figures can be line drawings, photographs or computer-generated graphics. Colour can only be used with prior consent of the editor and the extra costs involved will have to be met by the author. No figures will be accepted larger than 15.5 x 23 cm. If several small graphics are submitted for a composite figure, do not mount them but supply them separately with a clear indication of how they are to appear in the composite. The width of lines and size of letters in figures must be sufficient to remain legible when reduced down to half page width. Graphics produced by dot-matrix printers are unacceptable. Mark all figures on the back in pencil with the figure number and the author(s) name(s). Provide two copies (photocopies are satisfactory) of each figure to be sent to referees.

Remember the journal page will be A4 with margins as follows:

Left  3 cm
Rt  2.5 cm
Top  2.5 cm
Bottom 2 cm

MAXIMUM WIDTH FOR ANY PICTURE OR CHART IS 15.5 CM. Length cannot excede 23 cm, but because it is a firm policy that legends must be on the same page as the figure, lengthy legends might require reduction of length of the illustration.

IF SCALE IS IMPORTANT, FIGURES MUST HAVE SCALE BARS WITHIN. It is the editor's perogative to reduce or enlarge figures as necessary in laying out the paper. Statements such as "natural size" of "4X" in the legend will not be accepted.

PUNCTUATION AND ABBREVIATION
Quotation marks (') are used to set off verbatim quotes or indicate the title of a book. Their use for emphasis or to indicate special use of a word should be minimal. Single quotation marks should be used in all cases except where a quote is required within a quote, in which case double marks (") are used for the inner quote. The use of the double quotation mark as an abbreviation for inch or inches is acceptable (e.g. a 3.5" disc).

In the body of the manuscript italics are used only for scientific (genus and species) names. In the reference list italics are also used for journal names. If you are using a typewriter or printer that does not have italics, underline scientific names and the editor will convert them to italics. Italics will not be used in this journal for emphasis or any use other than given above. Terms well established in English usage (such as i.e., et al. and e.g.) will no longer be in italics just because they happened to be derived from Latin.

In the text, use numerals only for numbers greater than nine (including titles) except when starting a sentence. Use words for numbers one through nine (five dugongs, seven observations, six flowers) except when used with units of measure or time - e.g. 6 mm, 3 days, 3 summers. Use numerals for all items in a series that includes at least one number greater than nine - e.g. 1 tomato, 7 cabbages and 18 melons. Treat ordinal numbers in the same manner as cardinal numbers  - e.g. first panda, 14th bush rat, 6th min, fourth trial.

Use commas in numbers of four digits or more - e.g. 1,000 or 10,000.

Time should always be in the 24 hour clock without internal punctuation and with 'h' to indicate hours - e.g. 10:30 PM is 2230 h not 22:30. Dates must be in the order Day/Month/Year. It is always better to use an abbreviation for the month for clarity - e.g. 9 Mar 1939 is better than 9/3/39 because of the confusion with the American system of Month/Day/Year.

Units of measure must always be metric unless quoting from a non-metric document. The international system of units (SIU = Système International d'Unités) should be used except that Australian usage allows:

 °C instead of °K,
 time in minutes (min) or hours (h) instead of seconds,
 relative sound intensity in decibels (dB) instead of watts/meter square
 volume in litres (l) instead of cubic decimetres (dm³)
 area in hectares (ha) instead of 10⁴ m².

Abbreviations in common use that do not require full stops

ACT = Australian Capital Territory
BP = before present
°C = degrees centigrade
cm = centimetre(s)
day(s) - do not abbreviate
dB = decibel(s)
E = east
eds = editors (ed., singular, requires a full stop)
Figs = figures (Fig., singular, requires a full stop)
g = gram
h = hour(s)
ha = hectare(s)
hr = hour(s)
in situ = in place (do not use italics)
in vitro = outside the living organism (do not use italics)
in vivo = in the living organism (do not use italics)
j = joule, unit of energy preferred over calories
kg = kilogram
l = litre(s)
m = metre(s)
min = minute(s)
mm = millimetre
mol = mole (gram molecular weight)
month - do not abbreviate
mya = million years ago
N = north
n = number in sample
n = haploid number
2n = diploid number
NSW = New South Wales (Australian state)
NT = Northern Territory (Australian territory)
p = probability
PhD = doctor of philosophy
PO = post office when used with a box number (e.g. PO Box 23)
pp = pages
Qld = Queensland (Australian state)
S = south
SA = South Australia (Australian state)
SD = standard deviation
SE = standard error
s = second(s)
sensu = as defined by (do not use italics)
spp = more than one species
Tas = Tasmania (Australian state)
µm = micron
Vic = Victoria (Australian state)
vs = versus
W = west
WA = Western Australia (Australian state)
week - do not abbreviate
year - do not abbreviate

ad lib. = ad libitum, freely available (do not use italics)
c. = circa, about (do not use italics)
cf. = conferre, compare (do not use italics)
ed. = editor
e.g. = exempli gratia, for example (do not use italics)
et al. = et alia, and others (do not use italics)
etc. = et cetera, and so forth
Fig. = Figure
i.e. = id est, that is
in litt. = communicated in writing (an unpublished source acknowledgment)
pers. comm. = communicated orally (an unpublished source acknowledgment)
sp. = one species

CITATION OF REFERENCE SOURCES
The function of literature citation is to assist readers in locating material referenced by the author, facilitating orderly growth of knowledge through continued assessment. Documents written primarily to fill administrative requirements are not catalogued in most libraries and do not enter the body of knowledge that supports research. Neither do abstracts or longer articles that are produced in conjunction with a meeting or single event and distributed only to participants. Such documents are not to be included as literature cited.

Unpublished material can be referenced in the text as follows: (pers. comm.) denotes information obtained orally; (in litt.) denotes information obtained in writing such as by letter or in an unpublished manuscript. Names of persons providing unpublished information should include initials when referenced in the text - e.g. M. Archer (pers comm.). Unpublished manuscripts (except dissertations and theses) or papers in preparation must not be cited or included in the reference list. The only exception is a paper that has been accepted by an editor for publication in a journal. Such a paper may be cited as 'in press' - e.g. M. Gott (in press). Citation of papers as 'in press' when they have not in fact been accepted is not permissible.

Citations in the text are to include the surname of the author and the year of publication without an intervening comma - e.g. (Augee 1995) or Augee (1995). For two authors give both surnames - e.g. (Augee and Wilson 1995) or Augee and Wilson (1995). If there are more than two authors, give the first author's surname and et al. - e.g. (Brown et al. 1995) or Brown et al. (1995). Note that commas are not used and et al. is not in italics. For multiple publications by the same author(s), separate the years by commas - e.g. (Morris 1992, 1995) or Hand and Hart (1978, 1987). When referring to a string of sources, list them in chronological order and separate them by semicolons - e.g. (Augee 1980, 1994; Carter et al. 1995; Murdoch and Brown 1996).

In any case where the citation is to a specific figure or table, or a direct quote is given, it is desirable to indicate the pages on which the source occurred by using a colon and the page number - e.g. (Cameron 1988:213) or Jones and Smith (1985:23, Fig. 3).

The details of citations are listed at the end of the manuscript under the primary heading REFERENCES. The format follows that of the Australian Journals of Scientific Research published by the CSIRO and the Australian Academy of Science.

The reference list is in alphabetical order by first author's surname. The order is determined by the absolute first element of the surname, so that van Diemen will be found under 'V' and de Gabriele under 'D'.

Initials always follow the surname, after a comma and a space, but initials are separated by a full stop and not a space (e.g. - Thompson, H.D.). Names other than the surname are always indicated by initials and not written in full. If there are several citations for the same author, they are listed in order of year of publication.

If the same author is also first author of one or more multi-authored papers, all of the single author papers are listed before the multi-authored ones. The multi-authored papers are then listed in alphabetical order based on the surname of the second author. For example:
 

Note that the name is repeated for each entry and not indicated by dashes.

When the same author or authors have two or more publications in the same year, they should be designated a, b, c, etc.:
 

In the text the citation is Jones and Smith (1979a) or (Jones and Smith 1979b).

For journal articles, as shown above, the title of the paper is given with normal upper and lower case usage regardless of the format of the title in the original article. The name of the journal is spelled out and written in italics. The volume is bold. In publications that have only a number and no volume, the number is treated as a volume. When there is both a volume and a number, omit the number. Follow the volume with a comma and a space. Give all page numbers in their entirety (e.g. 1245-1258 NOT 1245-8) and end with a full stop.

Theses are somewhere between scientific papers and books. They require the institution and its location to be noted.
 

Papers cited in the text as (in press) must appear in the reference list. The year is replaced by the phrase (in press) and it is placed as if it were the year following the current one. Because this citation must only be used for papers that have been accepted by an editor, the title and journal will always be known and sometimes the volume.
 

One of the more difficult citations is that of a paper in an edited volume or a chapter in an edited book. Here it is necessary to indicate the editors.
 

Note that the initials of the editors are in the normal sequence, preceding the surnames. There is no use of bold, and italics would only appear if a scientific name was used.

USING MS WORD
Papers must ultimately be submitted on a disc in WORD for PC. The following default settings would be appreciated:

Font = Times New Roman or similar
Size = 12 pts

It is important that auto-format is not used at any point in the manuscript.

Paragraph

Alignment = left
Indentation from left = 0
Indentation from right = 0
Special = none (except where hanging indent is used - e.g. in reference list)
Spacing before = 0
Spacing after = 0
Line spacing = auto

Top margin = 3 cm
Bottom margin = 2.5 cm
Left margin = 2.5 cm
Right margin = 2 cm
Gutter = 0
Paper size = A4
Orientation = portrait

 SOME THINGS THAT ANNOY EDITORS NO END

Using double spaces before the start of a sentence, or anywhere.
Using '&' instead of 'and'.
Using op cit or loc cit.
Setting out things in a tabular form using the space bar - FATAL!
(In this journal) using italics for et al., vs, etc.
Bullets - totally unacceptable
In word processing, using the 'return' key to at the end of a paragraph without indenting the new paragraph.

Auto-formatting - do not use!!!! This is fatal in translating to publisher programs.

REPRINTS
Members of the Linnean Society are furnished with 25 reprints free of charge. Additional copies and reprints for authors not members of the Society can be ordered at the time printer's proofs are supplied. Details of costs will be supplied with the proofs.